| 47a | (46) | Dorsal fin positioned far back, its origin (front edge) behind origin of anal and pelvic fins (figure above) | [48] | |
| 47b | Dorsal fin positioned more forward, its origin over or in front of pelvic fin | [51] | ||
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| 48a | (47) |
Lateral line scales 26-28. Mature males (at 1.5 - 2 cm) much smaller than mature females (at 2.5 - 5 cm), the males colorful in irridescent, rainbow hues and with one or more black spots; colors extend onto dorsal and caudal fins which are usually elongated. Females dull olive-green to gray. Common in freshwater streams and ponds. Rainbow fish or guppy Poecilia reticulata Peters
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| 48b | Lateral line scales 27-32. Males closer in size to females and lacking rainbow hues. Color plain to irridescent or with red to yellow coloration on dorsal or other fins | [49] | ||
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| 49a | (48) |
Lateral line scales 30-32. Male gonopodium very long, reaching back further than dorsal fin. Both males and females a dull olive-green to gray, with dark specks on fins. Fresh to brackish water ponds and pools. Mosquitofish Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard)
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| 49b | Lateral line scales 27-28. Males with a colorful (yellow, orange to dark red) dorsal fin, usually short and marked in black spots and vertical bars. Females with light orange pelvic fins or a yellow-orange spot at vent. | [50] | ||
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| 50a | (49) |
Males with a colorful (orange to dark red) dorsal fin, somewhat flag-like and marked in black spots and vertical bars. Females with light orange pelvic fins. Larger specimens of both sexes blue flecked on sides. Very common in lower reaches of streams, estuaries, to saline lagoons. Short-fin molly Poecilia mexicana (Steindachner)
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| 52b |
Males with yellow dorsal and caudal fins, dorsal somewhat flag-like and marked in black spots or vertical bars. Pectoral fin with 13 to 14 rays. Body not as elongated, thickened at the peduncle; color blue-gray, usually with one or more rows of black spots along side; scales edged in black, producing a net-like pattern. Females fins lacking spots,but with yellow patch around vent. Fresh or brackish water; uncommon. Cuba limia Limia vittata (Guichenot)
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| 51a | (47) |
Males with lower rays of caudal (tail fin) prolonged into a sword-like appendage, nearly as long as body. Some individuals solid orange; most greenish with a bright to dull red line running along side the length of the body. Freshwater, usually in moderately flowing streams at lower elevations. Swordtail Xiphophorus helleri Heckel
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| 51b | Males lack a sword-like caudal appendage. Neither sex with narrow, lateral red stripe; if fish some color of orange or red, then body stout and mottled | [52] | ||
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| 52a | (51) |
Body stout, thick at caudal peduncle, and with somewhat pointed snout (in side view). Dorsal fin of male very elevated and base in both sexes long (but extreme in males): at least equal to distance between insertion of pelvic fins and back of anal fin. Color greenish to silvery with rows of black dots along sides. Rare, usually in brackish water. Sailfin molly Poecilia latipinna (Le Sueur)
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| 52b |
Pectoral fin with 10 to 11 rays. Body short and stout, with males and females similar in size and shape; color mottled black or with splashes of red or orange. Moon or platy Xiphophorus maculatus (Gunther)
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Family CYPRINIDAE This family is the largest fish family in the world and includes true minnows, carps, and a number of popular aquarium fishes such as barbs, danios, and rasboras. No members of this family are native to Hawai`i. Some species, such as koi and goldfish, have been kept in artificial ponds for decades and have only poorly naturalized -- escapees are sometimes encountered. Other species popular for home aquaria might pose a threat to stream ecology if released into local streams. All of the species included in this key are uncommon (Cyprinus carpio) or rare (all others) in Hawaiian fresh waters.
| 55a | (46) | Dorsal fin with more than 14 rays; dorsal and anal fins each with one or more spines | [56] | |
| 55b | Dorsal fin with fewer than 12 rays; dorsal and anal fins without spines | [57] | ||
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| 56a | (55) |
Mouth without barbels. Not naturalized (?); introduced to ponds. Goldfish Carassius auratus (L.)
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| 56b |
Mouth with 2 barbels on each side of upper jaw. Many colorful forms in orange, red, black, and/or white; wild forms olive above and yellowish on sides and belly. Introduced to ponds and naturalized in some reservoirs. Koi or carp Cyprinis carpio L.
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| 57a | (55) |
Silvery fish to 18 cm (7 in) with a prominant black blotch above and a little behind the anal fin. Caudal fin edged above and below in black. Blackspot barb Puntius filamentosus (Cuvier & Valenciennes)
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| 57b |
Light coppery brown and olive green fish with large, irridescent scales, and 5-6 broken bars (black) on upper half of body. To 6 cm (2.5 in). Green barb Puntius semifasciolatus Gunther
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| 57c |
Faintly striped, grey (above) to yellowish to white (below) fish about 4 times as long as high. Tail rather large, moderately forked. To 30 cm (1 ft) or more. Introduced to some ponds, but not naturalized. Grass carp or white amur Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes)
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